EBITDA Earnings Multiple
Most widely used
This method values a business as a multiple of its Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation. We first normalise the earnings to remove the owner's personal salary above market rate, one-off costs and any non-commercial items, then apply a multiple that reflects the sector, growth trajectory and risk profile of the business.
Value = Normalised EBITDA x Sector Multiple
For small UK businesses, EBITDA multiples typically range from 2x to 6x, though high-growth or recurring-revenue businesses can command higher multiples. We use comparable transaction data to justify the multiple we apply.
Best for: Profitable trading businesses, service companies, consultancies and businesses with a reliable earnings history.
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Forward-looking
DCF values a business by projecting its future cash flows over a three to five year period and discounting them back to their present value using a discount rate that reflects the risk involved. This method is theoretically the most sound for going concerns, as it focuses on what the business will actually generate for its owner going forward, rather than what it has earned in the past.
Value = Sum of (Future Cash Flow / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year)
DCF requires a robust financial forecast and carefully chosen assumptions. Small changes in the growth rate or discount rate can have a large impact on the result, which is why we always use it alongside a cross-check.
Best for: Growing businesses with strong forecast visibility, subscription-based models and businesses preparing for investment.
Net Asset Value (NAV)
Asset-based
This method calculates value as total assets minus total liabilities, adjusted to reflect the current market value of the assets rather than their book value. Property that has appreciated significantly, vehicles at current resale value and intellectual property that does not appear on the balance sheet all need to be reflected in the adjusted figure.
Value = Total Assets (Market Value) - Total Liabilities
For most trading businesses, NAV understates the true value because it ignores goodwill, customer relationships and future earning power. We typically use it as a floor valuation or as a cross-check rather than a primary method.
Best for: Asset-heavy businesses, property companies, holding companies and businesses where earnings are minimal or unpredictable.
Revenue Multiple
High-growth businesses
Revenue multiples value a business as a multiple of its annual turnover rather than its profit. This approach is most common for high-growth businesses that are not yet profitable, or for sectors where recurring revenue is the primary driver of value, such as software-as-a-service businesses, subscription media and certain professional services firms.
Value = Annual Revenue x Revenue Multiple
Revenue multiples can be misleading if margins are poor, as two businesses with the same revenue can have very different underlying values. We always combine this approach with a review of margin and unit economics to ensure the figure is grounded in reality.
Best for: Pre-profit startups, SaaS and subscription businesses, fast-growing technology companies and businesses being valued for investment purposes.